The digestive system plays a paramount role in maintaining our overall health and well-being, serving as the gateway for nutrient absorption and waste elimination. Its efficient functioning is indispensable for proper digestion, absorption of essential nutrients, and the body’s ability to ward off infections. However, due to various factors such as poor dietary habits, stress, and lifestyle choices, digestive issues have become increasingly prevalent. Furthermore, some of digestive disorders exacerbate their symptoms depending on season, such as the exacerbation of chronic conditions like irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease in spring. In this context, supplements tailored to support digestive health have garnered significant attention. These supplements aim to optimize the digestive process, alleviate discomfort, and promote gut microbiome balance. Understanding the pivotal role of the digestive system and the benefits of supplements in enhancing its function is crucial for maintaining optimal health and vitality.
In the continuation of this article, we will introduce several potential ingredients for dietary supplements designed for digestive health and explain in more detail how they can help.
Mentha piperita
Peppermint, scientifically known as Mentha piperita, is a popular herb renowned for its refreshing flavor and various health benefits. It is a hybrid mint, a cross between watermint and spearmint, and it is native to Europe and the Middle East but is now widely cultivated worldwide. Mentha encompasses a range of compounds, notably peppermint essential oil (PEO), alongside non-essential elements like steroids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, phenolic acids, and more. PEO primarily comprises menthol, menthone, neomenthol, and iso-menthone, which are bioactive substances exhibiting diverse properties such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, immunomodulatory, scolicidal , neuroprotective, anti-fatigue, and antioxidant effects.1
Mentha piperita is predominantly used to address issues in the upper digestive tract, including indigestion, cramps and nausea. Various studies indicate that PEO effectively combats gastrointestinal disorders by improving stomach and intestinal motility, as well as reducing feelings of fullness and functional dyspepsia.2,3,4,5 It is suggested PEO can alleviate gastrointestinal spasms and abdominal pain. PEO achieves this by acting as a blocker for smooth muscle calcium channels. Essentially, PEO may reduce the contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscle by inhibiting the entry of calcium through specific channels within the muscle cells.6 Furthermore, PEO was shown to be a safe and effective therapy for pain and global symptoms (diarrhea, constipation, bloating, gas) in adults with irritable bowel syndrome.7
Chamomile
Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) is one of the oldest and most widely used medicinal plants in the world whose standardized tea and herbal extracts are recommended for a variety of healing applications. Chamomile has different classes of bioactive components. The plant contains 0,24-1,9 % of volatile oil, composed of variety of separate oils. Furthermore, approximately 120 secondary metabolites have been identified in chamomile, including 28 terpenoids and 36 flavonoids.8
Traditionally, chamomile has been valued as a digestive relaxant and has been used to treat various gastrointestinal conditions, including indigestion, spasms, diarrhea, flatulence, motion sickness, nausea and vomiting.8 Studies with test animals showed that chamomile extract exhibited therapeutic gastrointestinal effects on diarrhea and gastric ulcer.9,10 Furthermore, chamomile showed a gastroprotective effect against alcohol-induced ulcer injury in rat gastric mucosa.11 One study12 showed that chamomile extract produced a significant dose-dependent protection against castor oil-induced diarrhea and intestinal fluid accumulation. Castor oil diarrhea is accompanied by an oxidative stress status assessed by an increase of malondialdehyde level and depletion of antioxidant enzyme activities as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Chamomile pre-treatment abrogated all these biochemical alterations. It is believed that chamomile has potent antidiarrheal and antioxidant properties.
Mastiha
Mastiha is a natural, aromatic resin obtained from the trunk and brunches of the mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus L. var latifolius Coss or Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia). Chios mastiha is exclusively harvested in the southern region of Chios, a picturesque Greek island nestled in the northern Aegean Sea. Its medicinal benefits have been revered since ancient times in Greece. Chios mastiha is a potent and natural reservoir of terpenes, phenolic compounds, phytosterols, arabino-galactan proteins, and organic polymers. Additionally, it contains volatile and aromatic components, showcasing a diverse array of bioactive properties, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties13 (view figure 1).

Ancient Greek physicians Hippocrates, Dioscorides, and Galen recommend using Chios mastic for treating various gastrointestinal disorders such as abdominal pain, dyspepsia, gastritis, and peptic ulcer. Traditional usage of mastic is also confirmed by studies.
Due to its antibacterial properties, mastic gum can help in eradiction of Helicobacter pylori, which is recognized as one of the main factors for peptic ulcer disease, gastritis and gastric cancer, with its treatment being of crucial importance for the management and prevention of prevalent digestive disorders.13 Randomized pilot study concluded that low doses and high doses of mastic gum have bactericidal activity on Helicobacter pylori (eradiction of 30,8% for low dose and 38,5% for high dose of mastic gum).14 These finding is important because nowadays there has been increasing emergence of antibiotic resistance, highlighting the need to find alternative solutions. Also, it seems that mastic gum can be beneficial for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. In a pilot study, 2,8 g of mastiha a day significantly decreased in faecal lysozyme compared to patients on placebo, indicating lower disease activity. Furthermore, there was a significant improvement in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire scores reflecting a beneficial effect on patients’ quality of life.15
In a clinical trial involving 10 individuals diagnosed with mild or moderately active Crohn’s disease, participants were treated with mastic capsules (2.2 g/day) for a duration of 4 weeks. The study revealed a notable reduction in the disease activity index and plasma levels of interleukin-6 and CRP compared to initial measurements.16
Ginger
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a rhizomatous plant belonging to the ginger family. Its name derives from the Sanskrit word “sihgabera,” which means horn-shaped. Originating from Southeast Asia, it has been known for thousands of years in other parts of the world, not only for its fine and warm aroma but also for its medicinal properties. This medicinal exotic spice still has very high demand and is highly esteemed in Ayurvedic medicine. It is used in kitchens throughout Asia, having a fine aromatic, refreshing, and slightly spicy taste, and is best known as a remedy for nausea.
The constituents of ginger are numerous (there are over 100 constituents) and vary depending on the place of origin and whether the rhizomes are fresh or dry. The odor of ginger depends mainly on its volatile oil, the yield of which varies from 1% to 3%. Over 50 components of the oil have been characterized and these are mainly monoterpenoids [b-phellandrene, (+)-camphene, cineole, geraniol, curcumene, citral, terpineol, borneol] and sesquiterpenoids [a-zingiberene (30–70%), b-sesquiphellandrene (15–20%), b-bisabolene (10–15%), (E-E)-a-farnesene, arcurcumene, zingiberol]. The pungency of fresh ginger is due primarily to the gingerols, which are a homologous series of phenols. The most abundant is [6]-gingerol. The pungency of dry ginger mainly results from shogaols, which are dehydrated forms of gingerols.17

For ages, ginger has been widely employed in Southeast Asia for its medicinal and culinary properties. It plays a pivotal role in numerous traditional medicinal practices, including Chinese, Ayurvedic, Unani, Tibetan, Sri Lankan, Korean, Arabic, Greek, Roman, and various folk medicine systems across the globe. Ginger has been essential in treating digestive issues, serving as a carminative and aiding digestion. It’s also been utilized to alleviate nausea and vomiting, motion sickness, stomach discomfort, ulcers, bacterial dysentery, and dyspepsia. Mechanisms of action include scavenging free radicals, preventing oxidative damage to lipids, anti-inflammatory effect, modifying detoxifying enzymes, modulating muscarinic and 5HT receptors and enhancing gastric motility.18
Numerous studies confirm traditional usage. Oral ginger improved gastroduodenal motility in the fasting state and after a standard test meal in 12 healthy volunteers (they consumed 2 x 100 mg of ginger rhizome extract).19 A meta-analysis of 6 studies concluded that 1 g of ginger per day can improve nausea during pregnancy when given at a dose of <1000 mg/day for at least 4 days.20 Furthermore, systematic review of 7 studies concluded that ginger extract (doses of 0,5 to 1,5 g/ day) can reduce acute chemotherapy induced nausea.21 Ginger can also help with dysphagia. Hirata and colleagues conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of orally disintegrating tablets containing ginger, prepared by combining excipients with equal amounts of mannitol and sucrose to create a 1% ginger concentration, in improving swallowing function among eighteen healthy older adults aged 63–90. The findings revealed that 15 minutes after consuming the ginger orally disintegrating tablets, there was a notable increase in salivary substance P levels compared to pre-ingestion or after taking the placebo, approaching levels observed in healthy young adults. Additionally, there were no instances of aspiration, and a significant enhancement in swallowing function scores was observed.22
Turmeric
Turmeric, a perennial herb belonging to the ginger family, has garnered significant attention from both the scientific and culinary communities. While its medicinal benefits, stemming from compounds like curcumin, have been recognized for millennia, recent research has delved into uncovering its precise mechanisms of action and identifying its active constituents. Curcumin, the primary polyphenol in turmeric rhizomes, has been studied for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties, making turmeric a longstanding fixture in traditional medicine across Asian cultures.23
It has been suggested that turmeric extract or curcumin as a potent antioxidant and natural anti-inflammatory agent may reduce the severity of IBS by relieving the IBS-associated symptoms. A study involving animals indicated that curcumin could potentially alleviate symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome by modulating neurotransmitters like serotonin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and cAMP response element-binding protein signaling pathways in both the brain and the intestinal system. Another study conducted on albino rats demonstrated that curcumin reduces intestinal motility, thus suggesting its therapeutic potential in various gastrointestinal disorders such as abdominal pain and irritable bowel disease.24,25,26
A pilot study also reported that turmeric might drop the IBS symptoms by 60%.27 Because of its limited bioavailability, inefficient absorption in the intestines, and quick elimination from the body, it is recommended to combine curcumin with enhancing agents such as other antioxidants or herbal products to potentially amplify its health benefits. Studies suggest that a blend of curcumin with substances like fish oil, peppermint oil, caraway oil, thiamine, folic acid, and vitamin D3 has been effective in alleviating various symptoms of irritable bowel system, particularly abdominal pain and discomfort.28 Furthermore, turmeric can help in battling Helicobacter pylori infection. A study showed that turmeric extract increased IL-4 and decreased IFN-γ levels, serum gastrin levels, lipid peroxide abundance in gastric mucosal tissue and myeloperoxidase activity in gastric mucosal tissue. Also, turmeric extract lowered Helicobacter pylori counts and increased levels of anti-Helicobacter pylori IgG. In this study, there were 5 samples, but sample from Sabinsa was the most active in all of the test performed.29
Garlic
Garlic (Allium sativum), a humble yet potent member of the onion family, has a rich history deeply intertwined with human civilization for thousands of years. With its pungent aroma and distinctive flavor, garlic has been cherished not only for its culinary uses but also for its medicinal properties and cultural significance. Believed to be native to Central Asia, garlic has spread throughout the world, becoming a staple ingredient in various cuisines. Its cultivation dates back to ancient times, with evidence of garlic being used by the Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Chinese civilizations. Garlic comprises a diverse range of bioactive compounds, including organosulfur compounds, saponins, phenolic compounds, and polysaccharides. The primary active constituents of garlic are its organosulfur compounds, which include allicin, diallyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, E/Z-ajoene, S-allyl-cysteine and alliin (view figure 2). Purple garlic contains nearly 40 times more saponins than white garlic, with unique saponin compounds exclusive to purple garlic. Garlic is rich in over 20 phenolic compounds, surpassing the levels found in many common vegetables. The predominant phenolic compound in garlic is β-resorcylic acid, followed by pyrogallol, gallic acid, rutin, protocatechuic acid, and quercetin.30

Garlic has many biological functions, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-hypertensive and anti-hyperlipidemic activity, as well as immunomodulatory activity. It is believed that some of these mechanisms support digestive health.30
A review article from Wang and colleagues concluded that four main organic sulfides in garlic (diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, S-allylmercaptocysteine and allicin) may contribute to the regulation of tumor cell apoptosis, migration and the cell cycle. They identified the association between garlic intake and reduced risk of gastric and colorectal cancers and hypothesized that the active ingredients in garlic may act on multiple pathways to reduce the risk of gastrointestinal tumors.31 Furthermore, study on animal models showed that aged garlic extract could have gastroprotective role in indomethacin induced gastric ulcer. Aged garlic extract corrected the histopathological abnormalities in gastric tissue and proved a promising gastroprotective role in gastric ulcer. Proposed mechanism of action for achieving that effect were decreasing of oxidative stress and increasing gastric level of prostaglandin E2, glutathione and nitric oxide.32
Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri)
The Lactobacillus genus encompasses a diverse group of Gram-positive, nonsporulating, facultative anaerobic bacteria, including species like L. acidophilus, L. reuteri, L. casei, L. bulgaricus, and L. rhamnosus. L. reuteri, isolated in 1962, is one of the most studied probiotics, commonly found in various mammalian tissues, offering numerous health benefits such as antimicrobial production and immune system regulation. It has been identified in different body sites like breast milk, skin, urinary tract, and gastrointestinal tract. Different strains of L. reuteri have shown unique effects on conditions ranging from hypercholesterolemia to autism spectrum disorders and particularly in gastrointestinal diseases. Research suggests a close interplay between the symbiotic gut microbiota and the host immune system in maintaining gut balance with disruptions in gut microbes strongly implicated in digestive disorders. Various strains of L. reuteri have been explored for their potential in digestive and liver diseases, with promising results in conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer and irritable bowel syndrome, among others.33
Possible mechanism of actions includes restoring gut microbiota balance, production of antimicrobial metabolites, regulation of intestinal immunity and mediation of mucosal homeostasis, thereby exhibiting protective effects on digestive system diseases (view figure 3).

Shornikova and colleagues were first to investigate the efficacy of L. reuteri DSM 17938 in pediatric acute watery diarrhea. They found that this strain could effectively reduce the duration of acute watery diarrhea in a dosage-dependent manner.34 Since then, numerous studies demonstrated that L. reuteri DSM 17938 was capable of reducing the frequency, length and incidence of diarrhea in children and adults, especially in those with lower nutritional status.33 Also, L. reuteri DSM 17938 can help in defecation, improved abdominal discomfort, pain and bloating in adult with functional constipation.35 Furthermore, Research indicates that L. reuteri has the potential to decrease the load of Helicobacter pylori bacteria. However, it does not appear to significantly enhance the success rates of eradicating Helicobacter pylori when used alongside first-line therapy. Interestingly, various studies have highlighted that L. reuteri can alleviate symptoms such as abdominal pain, distension, and adverse events associated with eradication treatment for Helicobcater pylori.36,37,38,39
In 2013, for the first time, spray-dried cells of L. reuteri DSMZ17648 have been used in a human study and results showed reduction of Helicobacter pylori. This is of special interest as spray-drying results in dead cell material, meaning that the effect of L. reuteri must be independent of its probiotic activity.40
Conclusion
In summary, natural ingredients like peppermint, chamomile, mastiha, ginger, turmeric, garlic and probiotics like Lactobacillus reuteri offer diverse mechanisms to support digestive health, from reducing inflammation to modulating gut microbiota. Incorporating these ingredients, along with some others like psyllium husk, fennel, glutamine, B complex vitamins and vitamin D into dietary supplements presents a promising avenue for individuals seeking to optimize their well-being and vitality through nurturing their digestive system. Embracing the synergy between traditional wisdom and modern science, we can embark on a journey towards better digestive health and overall wellness.
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