This meta-analysis is pioneering in its examination of saffron’s impact on metabolic syndrome, aggregating data from 840 adults aged 41–63 years across various randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
The study’s key findings include:
1. Improvement in fasting blood glucose (FBG): Crocin, a major active component of saffron, significantly lowered FBG levels compared to placebo. Notably, this effect was more consistent with crocin than with whole saffron extracts.
2. Reduction in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and systolic blood pressure (SBP): Saffron supplementation, particularly over periods longer than eight weeks, resulted in significant reductions in HbA1c and SBP, suggesting a potential role in long-term management of glycemic control and hypertension.
3. Cholesterol reduction in metabolic syndrome patients: In individuals with metabolic syndrome, saffron significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC) levels, which could be beneficial in managing dyslipidemia and reducing cardiovascular risk.
Mechanisms of action
The hypoglycemic and cardiometabolic effects of saffron can be attributed to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Crocin, in particular, helps in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and may support pancreatic beta-cell regeneration. Additionally, saffron’s influence on lipid metabolism, through the inhibition of lipid synthesis and the modulation of cholesterol homeostasis, contributes to its potential to reduce atherosclerosis risk.
Comparison with previous studies
Interestingly, this meta-analysis presents a nuanced perspective compared to earlier research. Previous studies suggested that saffron had a minimal effect on cardiovascular risk factors and HbA1c levels. However, the current analysis contradicts these findings, showing that saffron, especially crocin, has a significant impact on glycemic control and SBP, which may hold clinical relevance for patients with metabolic syndrome.
Clinical implications for pharmacists
Pharmacists should consider these findings when advising patients on complementary therapies for managing metabolic syndrome and related disorders. Saffron’s potential to lower FBG, HbA1c, and SBP could make it a valuable adjunct to conventional treatments, particularly for patients seeking natural alternatives.
However, we must also be aware of the limitations. The included studies varied in methodology, and some had small sample sizes, leading to heterogeneity in the results. Moreover, the availability and cost of saffron, driven by its high demand in various industries, may also affect its accessibility as a treatment option.
Conclusion
This meta-analysis underscores the potential of Crocus sativus in improving glycemic control and cardiometabolic parameters in patients with metabolic syndrome. While more extensive research is needed to confirm these findings, saffron may offer a promising complementary approach to managing this complex condition. Healthcare workers and industry members should stay informed about such emerging evidence to provide comprehensive care and advice to patients considering herbal supplements as part of their treatment regimen.
Reference:
Yan, X., Zhao, S., Feng, X., Li, X., Zhou, Q., & Chen, Q. (2024). Effects of Crocus sativus on glycemic control and cardiometabolic parameters among patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition & metabolism, 21(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-024-00806-y
