AUTHOR: Sara Kralj, MSc, Master in Nutrition The gut-endocrine system represents a key link between diet, metabolism, and the microbiota. Enteroendocrine L-cells of the gut respond to the presence of nutrients and microbial metabolites by secreting hormones that influence glucose homeostasis, appetite, and energy metabolism1. Among these hormones, glucagon-like peptides (GLP-1 and GLP-2) play a central role in communication between the gut and other organ systems. These hormones act via specific G-protein-coupled receptors (GLP-1R and GLP-2R), which are differentially distributed across tissues, determining their physiological function2. GLP-1 – role in metabolic regulation Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a 30-amino-acid hormone secreted from enteroendocrine L-cells in response to nutrient intake, especially glucose. Two bioactive forms exist (GLP-1₇₋₃₇ and GLP-1₇₋₃₆ amide), and their secretion is stimulated by dietary components in the proximal gut as well as by microbial metabolites in distal gut regions, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), indoles, and bile acids3,4. In this way, the microbiota participates in the regulation and prolonged secretion of GLP-1 and peptide YY (PYY) after meals, maintaining postprandial homeostasis1. GLP-1 exerts multiple metabolic effects. It stimulates insulin synthesis and secretion in pancreatic β-cells while simultaneously inhibiting glucagon secretion, contributing to improved glucose homeostasis. By acting on